Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 Condorcet Theorem and Epistemic Democracy: A Methodological Appraisal Condorcet Theorem and Epistemic Democracy: A Methodological Appraisal 7 28 286 FA Ali Ardestani Amir Mohammad Izadi Journal Article 2016 06 29 One of the issues that different scientists always face is to prove the correct method for achieving the correct decision and, thus, an Ideal political system. In this regard, one of the major efforts is of Marquis de Condorcet known as Condorcet Theorem. This is in favor of democracy and has formulated in a mathematical form. Given to the law of large numbers and assuming a high probability of fifty percent for each individual to make the right decision, it believes that the likelihood of the correct decision by a large numbers is desired to hundred with increasing the number of voters. However, it was based on assumptions that gradually were questioned until it was reignited in the 1950s. This coincided with the emergence of the idea of epistemic democracy that gives rise to new problems. To examine various aspects of the Condorcet Theorem, this article makes an attempt to show the extent to which it has been able to help solving the methodological and theoretical problems in this kind of democracy. One of the issues that different scientists always face is to prove the correct method for achieving the correct decision and, thus, an Ideal political system. In this regard, one of the major efforts is of Marquis de Condorcet known as Condorcet Theorem. This is in favor of democracy and has formulated in a mathematical form. Given to the law of large numbers and assuming a high probability of fifty percent for each individual to make the right decision, it believes that the likelihood of the correct decision by a large numbers is desired to hundred with increasing the number of voters. However, it was based on assumptions that gradually were questioned until it was reignited in the 1950s. This coincided with the emergence of the idea of epistemic democracy that gives rise to new problems. To examine various aspects of the Condorcet Theorem, this article makes an attempt to show the extent to which it has been able to help solving the methodological and theoretical problems in this kind of democracy.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_286_16a5cdae362b8d27a1d8f8c7b78b4330.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 Ministering Relationship (Estekhdam) and Enslaving Relationship (Esteebad) in City according to al-Farabi’s Thoughts Ministering Relationship (Estekhdam) and Enslaving Relationship (Esteebad) in City according to al-Farabi’s Thoughts 29 58 287 FA Morteza Bahrani Journal Article 2015 04 29 The virtues political philosophy presupposes the coherence of categories like justice, cooperation, friendship, leadership for realizing the individual and civil happiness in the city. Among the Moslem philosophers, al-Farabi described the civil friendship, cooperation and justice. Analyzing the thoughts of al-Farabi shows despite the civil friendship exists in all various kind of cities, the relationship resulted by civil friendship is different in every specific virtuous and non-virtuous cities. The question of this paper is that "what is the relationship between civil friendship and the kind of relationship in each city in al-Farabi's thought?" Based on this question and with the method of philosophical content analysis of Farabi's political philosophy, it would be clear that civil friendship is the binding matter of members of city. Civil friendship shapes the form of cities, too. In fact, the knowledge which determines the happiness would appear in a friendly matter that shapes all civil affairs and cooperation. Accordingly, the most important finding of this paper is that depending to the excellent matter to be followed by people as the members of city, the excellent city will shaped and based on matters as like pleasure, joy, power, and so, the opponent of excellent city (or ignorant cities) will appeared. The relationship in the first is ESTEKHDAM (ministering), and in the latter is ESTEEBAD (enslaving). So, based on the civil friendship, the different kinds of excellent and non-excellent cities will shaped and each city requires the certain relations between leader and its members. The virtues political philosophy presupposes the coherence of categories like justice, cooperation, friendship, leadership for realizing the individual and civil happiness in the city. Among the Moslem philosophers, al-Farabi described the civil friendship, cooperation and justice. Analyzing the thoughts of al-Farabi shows despite the civil friendship exists in all various kind of cities, the relationship resulted by civil friendship is different in every specific virtuous and non-virtuous cities. The question of this paper is that "what is the relationship between civil friendship and the kind of relationship in each city in al-Farabi's thought?" Based on this question and with the method of philosophical content analysis of Farabi's political philosophy, it would be clear that civil friendship is the binding matter of members of city. Civil friendship shapes the form of cities, too. In fact, the knowledge which determines the happiness would appear in a friendly matter that shapes all civil affairs and cooperation. Accordingly, the most important finding of this paper is that depending to the excellent matter to be followed by people as the members of city, the excellent city will shaped and based on matters as like pleasure, joy, power, and so, the opponent of excellent city (or ignorant cities) will appeared. The relationship in the first is ESTEKHDAM (ministering), and in the latter is ESTEEBAD (enslaving). So, based on the civil friendship, the different kinds of excellent and non-excellent cities will shaped and each city requires the certain relations between leader and its members.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_287_918317b57931b6b7a7d29490fe5ec9f9.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 Civic Friendship and Cosmopolitan Friendship: two narratives about relationship between city and friendship in the Islamic political philosophy Civic Friendship and Cosmopolitan Friendship: two narratives about relationship between city and friendship in the Islamic political philosophy 59 86 288 FA Ahmad Bostani Journal Article 2015 07 25 Friendship has been discussed in the doctrinal writings from a long time ago. But the first philosophical statements of friendship belong to the Greek philosophers and the best compiled narrative of friendship has been raised in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle had a civic conception of friendship and based his narrative on public interests of polis residents and civic relations. We can call this narrative the civic narrative of friendship. In the Islamic philosophy, although some Mashaie (Peripatetic) philosophers have dealt with civic friendship, another narrative could be found in the thoughts of late sages who propound friendship not within the framework of city but in the hierarchy of being. We call this narrative the cosmopolitan friendship. Hence the question of this article is: What are the features of friendship patterns in the Islamic philosophy. In the Islamic philosophy, although the friendship pattern is influenced by Aristotle’s philosophy, Muslim sages have distanced from civic friendship pattern, particularly after the emergence of Eshraqi philosophy, cosmopolitan friendship replaced. In this article, we discuss civic friendship pattern, particularly in Mashaie sages such as Farabi and Moskuye Razi’s thoughts. Then we examine cosmopolitan friendship in Shahabadin Sohrevardi and his followers. In the conclusion we will try to compare these two patterns. Friendship has been discussed in the doctrinal writings from a long time ago. But the first philosophical statements of friendship belong to the Greek philosophers and the best compiled narrative of friendship has been raised in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle had a civic conception of friendship and based his narrative on public interests of polis residents and civic relations. We can call this narrative the civic narrative of friendship. In the Islamic philosophy, although some Mashaie (Peripatetic) philosophers have dealt with civic friendship, another narrative could be found in the thoughts of late sages who propound friendship not within the framework of city but in the hierarchy of being. We call this narrative the cosmopolitan friendship. Hence the question of this article is: What are the features of friendship patterns in the Islamic philosophy. In the Islamic philosophy, although the friendship pattern is influenced by Aristotle’s philosophy, Muslim sages have distanced from civic friendship pattern, particularly after the emergence of Eshraqi philosophy, cosmopolitan friendship replaced. In this article, we discuss civic friendship pattern, particularly in Mashaie sages such as Farabi and Moskuye Razi’s thoughts. Then we examine cosmopolitan friendship in Shahabadin Sohrevardi and his followers. In the conclusion we will try to compare these two patterns.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_288_48aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 The Foundations of Criticizing and Rethinking the Political Sociology in Jacques Rancière’s Thought The Foundations of Criticizing and Rethinking the Political Sociology in Jacques Rancière’s Thought 87 118 289 FA Mohammad Reza Tajik Amir Rezaee Panah Journal Article 2016 07 28 This study is about to investigate a dimension of the evolving meaning and its interaction with the political in the last decade through explaining the bases of criticizing and rethinking Jacques Rancière toward political sociology. The focal question of this research is that how and on the base of which signs, bases, categories and factors has political sociology been articulated in Rancière’s critical thought and how it’s been about to analyze and represent the real? To answer this question, the primary hypothesis is presented that is “political sociology in Rancière’s thought, in the shade of a special understanding of the concept anti-sociology, is articulated towards the construction and rethinking of the social on the base of presenting and rereading some ideas like emancipation, democracy, police, politics, archi-politics, aesthetics, political subject-making, the sensible etc.; and, in a dialectic and interaction that is generally negative to theoreticians like Pierre Bourdieu”. This comprehension of political sociology is about to have a transition from the convenient meanings and interpretations of this science (traditional, modern and even postmodern) and giving it more philosophical and interactive depth. This newly emerged tradition, which has representatives as Rancière, tries to formulate the meaning of the social in the post-globalization era. This study is about to investigate a dimension of the evolving meaning and its interaction with the political in the last decade through explaining the bases of criticizing and rethinking Jacques Rancière toward political sociology. The focal question of this research is that how and on the base of which signs, bases, categories and factors has political sociology been articulated in Rancière’s critical thought and how it’s been about to analyze and represent the real? To answer this question, the primary hypothesis is presented that is “political sociology in Rancière’s thought, in the shade of a special understanding of the concept anti-sociology, is articulated towards the construction and rethinking of the social on the base of presenting and rereading some ideas like emancipation, democracy, police, politics, archi-politics, aesthetics, political subject-making, the sensible etc.; and, in a dialectic and interaction that is generally negative to theoreticians like Pierre Bourdieu”. This comprehension of political sociology is about to have a transition from the convenient meanings and interpretations of this science (traditional, modern and even postmodern) and giving it more philosophical and interactive depth. This newly emerged tradition, which has representatives as Rancière, tries to formulate the meaning of the social in the post-globalization era.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_289_839ab46820b524afda05122893c2fe8e.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 The Role of Theory in Historical Political Researches: Calls for Rethinking the Role of Theory in Political Science The Role of Theory in Historical Political Researches: Calls for Rethinking the Role of Theory in Political Science 119 148 290 FA Abbas Hatami Journal Article 2016 06 07 What is the role or roles of theory in historical political researches? This article tries to answer this question. While behaviorists and postmodernist, each in their own ways, define narrowly the role of theory in historical political research or reduce its role to some aspects, this article by using analytical method, specifies that political theory in historical research has at least five main roles. Accordingly, the article makes clear that theories can play some roles such as a guide for selecting the facts of the research, as a purpose of the research, as a toolkit of the research, as a disputed subject of the research and finally as a casual articulation of the research. Unlike other approaches, firstly, the article emphasizes that the role of the theory in historical political research is diverse and plural ones. Secondly, minimal or reductive vision of the role of theory in political research should be abandoned in favor of the vision that suggests theories have multiple and diverse roles. This means that historical political researches invite political science authors to redefine the role of theory in political researches far more extensive than before. What is the role or roles of theory in historical political researches? This article tries to answer this question. While behaviorists and postmodernist, each in their own ways, define narrowly the role of theory in historical political research or reduce its role to some aspects, this article by using analytical method, specifies that political theory in historical research has at least five main roles. Accordingly, the article makes clear that theories can play some roles such as a guide for selecting the facts of the research, as a purpose of the research, as a toolkit of the research, as a disputed subject of the research and finally as a casual articulation of the research. Unlike other approaches, firstly, the article emphasizes that the role of the theory in historical political research is diverse and plural ones. Secondly, minimal or reductive vision of the role of theory in political research should be abandoned in favor of the vision that suggests theories have multiple and diverse roles. This means that historical political researches invite political science authors to redefine the role of theory in political researches far more extensive than before.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_290_f90f2aca5c640289d0a29417bcb63a37.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 Exploration of Linguistic Structure and Content of European National Anthems Exploration of Linguistic Structure and Content of European National Anthems 149 171 291 FA Aazam Sanjabi Negar Davari Ardakani Journal Article 2016 06 07 This is a part of a broader research intended to study the European national anthems from a linguistics perspective by using Laclau & Mouffe's model accompanied by Van Dijk's approach, through a number of linguistic tools. This research is trying to answer the following questions: What are the nodal points of each country´s national anthem? What are the similarities and differences found in the national anthems of the countries under investigation from a linguistic discourse perspective? To this end, the national anthems of 30 selected European countries were reviewed. Among the texts of national anthems, 46 nodal points were obtained as the main concern of all people. These nodal points include war, respect for the past times, describing the nature of the land, freedom, unity, praying and futurism. The findings, based on linguistic discourse analysis indicate that present time is used significantly more than past and the future. 14 European countries (46.66% of all selected European countries) in their national anthems have emphasized on the binary opposition of "us" versus "them", and the remaining 16 (53.33%) only praise themselves and believe in theirs, not against others. The frequency of positive words (euphemism) in (96.66% of the European countries´ national anthems) is greater than negative words (dysphemism). The France national anthem has used more negative words (dysphemism) than positive words (euphemism). This is a part of a broader research intended to study the European national anthems from a linguistics perspective by using Laclau & Mouffe's model accompanied by Van Dijk's approach, through a number of linguistic tools. This research is trying to answer the following questions: What are the nodal points of each country´s national anthem? What are the similarities and differences found in the national anthems of the countries under investigation from a linguistic discourse perspective? To this end, the national anthems of 30 selected European countries were reviewed. Among the texts of national anthems, 46 nodal points were obtained as the main concern of all people. These nodal points include war, respect for the past times, describing the nature of the land, freedom, unity, praying and futurism. The findings, based on linguistic discourse analysis indicate that present time is used significantly more than past and the future. 14 European countries (46.66% of all selected European countries) in their national anthems have emphasized on the binary opposition of "us" versus "them", and the remaining 16 (53.33%) only praise themselves and believe in theirs, not against others. The frequency of positive words (euphemism) in (96.66% of the European countries´ national anthems) is greater than negative words (dysphemism). The France national anthem has used more negative words (dysphemism) than positive words (euphemism).

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_291_9c838d2e45b2ad1094d42f4ef36764f6.pdf

Iranian Political Science Association Research Letter of Political Science 1735790X 11 2 2016 05 21 Rereading the Concept of Tradition and its Methodology in Mohammad Arkoun’s Thought Rereading the Concept of Tradition and its Methodology in Mohammad Arkoun’s Thought 171 196 292 FA Mohammad Maleki Ahmad Bakhshayesh Ardestani Journal Article 2017 01 02 The concept of tradition is one of the major issues in the Muslim World. So every interpretation on this issue has an effective social and political impact. Throughout his life, every Muslim always interacts with tradition and the way he interacts with the world around him draws inspiration from tradition. As a result this tradition that shapes the worldview of each person. Back to tradition and Critical Reader is a historical and inevitable necessity, because in the past few decades, the rejection of tradition has been a failed project. Therefore, to make present and future, there is no way other than a return to tradition and reread it. This requires knowledge of the methodological debate and adopting a systematic intellectual project by the scientists that's entered into this field. Muslim thinkers in the twentieth century by adopting modern research methods, have to reread tradition. One of these scholars, Mohammed Arkoun (1928-2010) was an Algerian outstanding scholar of Islam. In this study, according to his conception and definition of tradition, we will examine his research methods of reread tradition. The concept of tradition is one of the major issues in the Muslim World. So every interpretation on this issue has an effective social and political impact. Throughout his life, every Muslim always interacts with tradition and the way he interacts with the world around him draws inspiration from tradition. As a result this tradition that shapes the worldview of each person. Back to tradition and Critical Reader is a historical and inevitable necessity, because in the past few decades, the rejection of tradition has been a failed project. Therefore, to make present and future, there is no way other than a return to tradition and reread it. This requires knowledge of the methodological debate and adopting a systematic intellectual project by the scientists that's entered into this field. Muslim thinkers in the twentieth century by adopting modern research methods, have to reread tradition. One of these scholars, Mohammed Arkoun (1928-2010) was an Algerian outstanding scholar of Islam. In this study, according to his conception and definition of tradition, we will examine his research methods of reread tradition.

http://www.ipsajournal.ir/article_292_1700002963a49da13542e0726b7bb758.pdf