The political wisdom of the modern government and power techniques in political science school lessons and its impact on the constitutional process

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad – Mashhad, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran .

Abstract
The transition from "order" to "law" and from "ruling" to "governing" is one of the most important chapters in the history of political thought in Iran. The school of political science is one of the most important institutions that played a key role in the emergence of the idea of ​​constitutionalism. Political science school lessons are the explanation and development of modern concepts that were expressed before and after the constitution in order to develop a modern state in Iran. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, investigates the foundations of modern government and power techniques in the lessons of "Mohammed Ali Foroughi", "Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia", "Mirza Mustafa Khan Mansour Al-Sultaneh" and "Gustav Demarni". Based on this, the main question of the research is what is the political wisdom of the modern government and power techniques in political science school lessons and what effect did it have on the process of constitutionalism? According to the findings of the research, the main focus of the political wisdom of the modern government in political science school lessons includes modern concepts such as "law", "law" and "freedom". Also, the government in these lessons is based on the modern concept of "nation-state", which led to the idea of ​​establishing a "centralized administrative constitutional state" through the techniques of "administrative discipline", "financial discipline" and "political and social" techniques. These modern concepts were later repeated in the Constitutional Constitution and its amendments.

Keywords

Subjects


Afary, Janet (2006), Iran's Constitutional Revolution, Translated by Reza Rezaei, Tehran: Bistun. (In Persian)
Akhavi, Omid, Moradi Khalj, Mohammad Mahdi (2021), “A reflection on the books”. Authored and translated by Mohammad Ali Foroughi in the history course in the school of political science (case study: the book of the elementary course of Tarikh Alam (History of Iran)), Islamic History Studies. Year 13, Autumn, Vol 50. (In Persian)
Amin, Hassan (1999), “The 100th anniversary of the establishment of the School of Political Science in Iran”, Political and Economic Information. No. 149 and 150. (In Persian)
Özer, Atila (2007), Government in the History of Western Thought, Translated by Abbas Bagheri, Tehran: Farzan. (In Persian)
Pazargad, Bahauddin (1977). History of Western Political Philosophy, Tehran: Zovar. (In Persian)
Pirnia, Hassan (2006), International Law, Tehran: Did Avar. (In Persian)
Parandosh, Pouria (2017), Event, subject and truth in Alain Badiou's political thought, with an introduction by Mohammad Reza Tajik, Tehran: Tisa. (In Persian)
Tashri, Hajir (2021), Great Charter of Iran, Tehran: Saraei. (In Persian)
Jamali, Hossein (2011), “Localism in Political Science; Which direction?”. Political Science Research Journal. 6th period, Vol 2. (In Persian)
Jahanbaglou, Ramin (2004), Sovereignty and Freedom, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Habal Al Matin (1907), Vol. 75. (In Persian)
Hosnifar, Abdurrahman (2023), “Iranians' effort to establish the political science institution (Political science field from the time of its establishment to the present day)”, Historical essays, Year 14, Autumn and Winter, Vol. 2 (28 in a row). (In Persian)
Haqdar, Ali Asghar, (2015), The First Parliament and Constitutional Institutions, Literature Club Electronic Publications. (In Persian)
Khosravizadeh, Sabah, Pour Mohammadi Amalshi, Nasrallah, Fallah Tutkar, Hojjat (2019), “Sources of diplomatic knowledge in Qajar period Iran”, Historical researches of Iran and Islam, Spring and Summer, Vol. 26. (In Persian)
Demerni, Gustav (2018), Administrative Law (Political Science School Lessons), Translated by Nasser Soltani, Tehran: Contemporary View. (In Persian)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1962), Social contract, translated by Gholamhossein Zirakzadeh, Tehran: Sehami Chehar Company. (In Persian)
Serena, Carla (1983), People and Rituals in Iran, Translated by Ali Asghar Saidi, Tehran: Zovar. (In Persian)
Salimi, Hossein, Haddad, Gholamreza (2018), “Future research of the political science situation in Iran based on the STEEP(V) trend analysis model”, Political Science Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1. Serial No. 57. (In Persian)
Aqli, Baqir (1998), “School of Political Sciences, Higher School of Law and Faculty of Law and Political Sciences”, Contemporary History. Vol. 7. (In Persian)
Fazli, Habibullah (2014), “Linguistic Culture in the Constitutional Discourse (with emphasis on the Constitution and the approvals of the First Constituent Assembly”, National Studies, Year 16, Spring, Vol. 1 (series 61). (In Persian)
Farastkhah, Maqsood (2021), What did the professors do? The history of Dar al-Moalemin and the High School of Education, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Foroughi, Mohammad Ali (1998), Principles of the Science of the Wealth of Nations, with an introduction by Dr. Hossein Azimi, Tehran: Farzan Rooz. (In Persian)
Foroughi, Mohammad Ali (2016), Constitutional Rights, Literature Club electronic publications. (In Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2010), Theater of Philosophy, Translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2008), The Birth of Biopolitics, Translated by Reza Najafzadeh, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
 Foucault, Michel (1999), Care and Punishment, Translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Kalhor, Mohammad, Shahabadi, Hamidreza (2012), “Mirza Mehdi Khan, Momtahen  Doulah and School of Political Science”, Moscowye Quarterly, Year 7, Vol 20. (In Persian)
Laughlin, Martin (2009), Basics of Public Law, Translated by Mohammad Rasakh, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Moghimi, Shervin (2018), “A reflection on Mohammad Ali Foroughi's treatise on constitutional rights from the perspective of the discussion on the application of political science in Iran”, Journal of Political Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, September, Pp. 159-198. (In Persian)
McDonnell, Dayan (2008), An Introduction to Discourse Theory, Translated by Hossein Ali Nozari, Tehran: Farhang Gideman. (In Persian)
Mansour al-Sultaneh, Mirza Mostafa Khan (1909), Fundamental Rights or Principles of Constitutionalism, Tehran: Photocopy of the Library of the Islamic Council. (In Persian)
Montesquieu (1970), The Spirit of Law, Translated by Ali Akbar Mehtadi, Tehran: Amirkabir Publications. (In Persian)
Mahdizadeh, Mohammad Reza (2013), “History of Modern Institutions or Explanation of the Modern World”, Book of the Month. No. 89. (In Persian)
Nazim-al-Islam Kermani, Mohammad Ali (1982), History of the Awakening of Iranians, Tehran: Aghaz. (In Persian)
Najafzadeh, Reza (2017), The Metaphysics of Power, An Introduction to Spinoza's Political Philosophy, Tehran: Qaqnos. (In Persian)
Hobbs, Thomas (2013), Leviathan, translated by Hossein Bashirieh, Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Jaspers, Karl (1996), Spinoza, translated by Mohammad Hasan Lotfi, Tehran: New Design. (In Persian)
Agu, Sunny Nzie (2024). “Separation of Powers in Baron de Montesquieu: Philosophical Appraisal”, Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology, 2(1): January.
Barnard (1984). “Patriotism and Citizenship in Rousseau: A dual theory of public willing”, The Review of Politics.
Curtis H. (2024). The political theory of Thomas Hobbes, essay.biz.com.
Dean, M. (1999). Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage Publication.
Death, Carl. (2011). Africa, governmentality, and the international: Reflections on agency and the climate change negotiations. Paper prepared for the BISA-Africa and International Studies ESRC seminar series #4 ‘African agency: Implications for International Relations theory’, Department of International Politics, City University, 14 September.
Foucault, Michel (2007). Security, Territory, and Population: Lectures at the College de France, 1977-78. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Foucault, M. (2016). About the Beginning of the Hermeneutics of the Self: Lectures at Dartmouth College, 1980, ed. H.-P. Fruchaud and D. Lorenzini, trans. G. Burchell, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lorenzini, Daniele. (2023). Handbook on Governmentality, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Massachusetts, USA.
Locke, J, (1988), Two Treatises of Government [1680], P. Lastetta. Cambridge University Press.
Tremblay, Luc B. (2015). “An egalitarian defense of proportionality-based balancing”, Oxford University Press and New York University School of Law, Vol. 12 No. 4.
Tughhemba, Terfa Nicholas. (2023). “The Civil State in John Locke's Political Philosophy and Itsrelevance to Democratic practice In Nigeria”, Akwa Ibom State University Journal of Arts, Vol. 4 No. 1.
Valverde, Mariana. (2017). Michel Foucault, New York: Routledge.
Waldron, Jeremy. (2020). “Separation of powers in thought and practice?”. Boston College Law Review, 433, Vol. 54.
Volume 20, Issue 2
No. 78
Spring 2025
Pages 217-255

  • Receive Date 04 March 2025
  • Revise Date 18 May 2025
  • Accept Date 20 June 2025