This article offers a socio-historical analysis of the emergence of the "new political" and the rise of the "oppositional discourse" of Shiite scholars during the Tobacco Protest (1891-1892). Contrary to competing readings that reduce the movement to a struggle over economic concessions or a division of agency among merchants, intellectuals, and clerics, the article draws on Foucault's concepts of "subject-position" and "knowledge/power" alongside Schmitt's notion of "the political" to argue that the Tobacco Protest constitutes a pivotal moment in the rearrangement of power relations. The methodology combines Foucauldian archaeology and genealogy, analyzing primary historical documents including the treatise Tārīkh-i Dukhāniyya. The findings reveal that the "subject-position" of Shiite scholars rested on four pillars: universal vicegerency (niyābat-e 'āmma), the ascendancy of the Uṣūlī school over the Akhbārīs, the establishment of the Shiite institution of marja'iyya, and financial independence through khums. Within this framework, "preserving the sphere of Islam" (hifz-e beyzāt-e Islām)—previously invoked in the context of jihad—was redefined as the "right" to resist the sovereign. Two discursive ruptures are identified: the first (articulated by certain earlier scholars, including Mīrzā-ye Qomī) drew the sovereign into the "sphere of Islam" and endowed him with a quasi-sacred aura; the second (Mīrzā-ye Shīrāzī), through the tobacco fatwa, redefined the sovereign as an "adversary" (khasm). The article concludes that the genealogy of the new political in Iran is inextricably linked to the genealogy of Shiite political discourse.