کاربست نظریه شکار-جادوگر برای تبیین جامعه‌شناختی تصفیه‌های انقلابی (روسیه، چین و ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه آموزش علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهشکده مطالعات اجتماعی

چکیده

تصفیه یکی از ویژگی‌های بارز انقلاب‌ها بوده است. هدف این مطالعه تبیین این پدیده از دریچه نظریه‌ی شکار جادوگر و مقایسه ویژگی‌های آن در رخدادهای تصفیه انقلابی در سه کشور روسیه، چین و ایران است.
روش مطالعه مقایسه‌ای بوده و به شیوه بازنمایی نظریه (parallel demonstration of theory) ویژگی‌های تصفیه‌های بزرگ سه کشور روسیه (تصفیه بزرگ استالین)، چین (تصفیه انقلاب فرهنگی مائو) و ایران (تصفیه اوایل دهه 60) مورد مقایسه تاریخی قرار گرفته‌اند. گردآوری داده‌ها از منابع دست‌اول و دوم صورت گرفته و تحلیل‌ها به شیوه مقایسه-تاریخی ارائه شده‌اند.
یافته‌های مطالعه ضمن تائید کلی مفروضات نظریه شکار-جادوگر در مورد سه رخداد تصفیه، نشان داده است تصفیه‌های روسیه، چین و ایران از بعضی جنبه‌ها مشابه و از بعضی جنبه‌ها متفاوت با یکدیگر هستند. طبق یافته‌ها هر سه رخداد در شرایطی بروز کرده‌اند که نمایندگی جمعی و منبع مشروعیت محدود بوده و نظام ارزشی زیربنای مشروعیت نظام در شرایط بحران بوده است. رهبران برای استقرار نظم یا نوسازی آن با نوسازی نظام اخلاقی انحراف سیاسی را به نحوی تعریف کرده‌اند که رقبا را تحت شمول قرار دهد. علاوه بر این تضعیف نهادهای مدنی واسط و تغییر اولویت‌ها باعث شده افراد دست از حمایت یکدیگر بردارند که نهایتاً به شکار جادوگر منجر شده است. تفاوت‌های ماهوی بین ایران و دو کشور دیگر وجود داشته است که پاک‌سازی انقلاب ایران را به شکل روندی همراه با انقلاب، دین‌محور، مشروع و دموکراتیک شکل داده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of witch-hunting theory for sociological explanation of revolutionary purifications (Russia. China and Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • hosein Ahmadi 1
  • Mohammadsalar Kasraie 2
1 Social Science Education Faculty, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor
چکیده [English]

Purification has been one of the salient features of revolutions. Purpose of this study is to explain this phenomenon through the lens of witch-hunting theory and compare its characteristics in the events of Russian, Chinese and Iranian revolutionary purification.
Methodologically this study was comparative and the characteristics of the three major Purges of Russia (Stalin's Great Refinement), China (Mao Cultural Revolution Refinement) and Iran (Refinement in the early 1980s) have been compared historically by parallel demonstration of theory model. Data were collected from primary and secondary historical sources and analyzes were presented comparative-historically.
The findings of the study, while generally confirming the assumptions of the witch-hunt theory about the three purification events, have shown that the purifications of Russia, China and Iran are similar in some respects and different in some others. Findings Shows, all three events occurred in a situation where collective representation and source of legitimacy were limited and the value system was the basis of the system's legitimacy in times of crisis. Leaders have defined political deviance in a way that includes rivals in order to establish or modernize order by modernizing the moral system. In addition, the weakening of intermediary civic institutions and the shift in priorities have led people to stop supporting each other, which has eventually led to witch hunts. There have been substantial differences between Iran and the other two countries that have shaped purge in Iranian revolution in a mid-revolutionary, religiously oriented, legitimate and democratic process.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Witch Hunting
  • Revolutionary Purification
  • Cultural Revolution
  • Russia
  • China
  • Iran
امام خمینی (1385) صحیفه امام (جلد 14)، چاپ چهارم، تهران: موسسه تنظیم و نشر آثار امام خمینی.
آرنت، هاناه (1366) توتالیتاریسم؛ حکومت ارعاب، کشتار، خفقان، ترجمه محسن ثلاثی، چاپ دوم، تهران: سازمان انتشارات جاویدان.
حاضری، علی‌محمد (1379) تأملی در علل و پیامدهای انقلاب فرهنگی، پژوهشنامه متین، 8 (26): 81-106.
رضایی، محمد؛ حصارکی، نفیسه و خلیلی‌اردکانی، محمدعلی (1398) سه اپیزود انقلاب‌‌فرهنگی: از پیدایی تا نهادینگی، جامعه‌شناسی تاریخی، 11 (2): 117-146.
ریگین، چارلز (1388) روش تطبیقی فراسوی راهبردهای کمی و کیفی، ترجمه محمد فاضلی، چاپ یکم، تهران: آگه.
کولائی، الهه (1372) اتحاد شوروی از تکوین تا فروپاشی، چاپ یکم، تهران: موسسه چاپ و انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه.
مصوبات شورای انقلاب (1358) لایحه قانونی مربوط به پاک‌سازی و ایجاد محیط مساعد برای رشد نهادهای انقلاب در وزارتخانه‌ها و دانشگاه‌ها و بانک‌ها و مؤسسات و شرکت‌های دولتی. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/98209.
نایت، امی (1374) بریا دستیار اول استالین، ترجمه جمشید شیرازی، چاپ یکم، تهران: انتشارات فرزان روز.
 
Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., & Turner, B. S. (2015). The dominant ideology thesis. Routledge.
Abramov, R. (2016). Understanding Professionalism in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia: an Analytical Review. The American Sociologist47(1), 81-101.
Alexander, J. C. (2003). The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology. Oxford University Press.
Barry, G. (2015). Political Religion: A User’s Guide. Contemporary European History, 24(4), 623-638.
Ben-Yehuda, N. (1990). The politics and morality of deviance: Moral panics, drug abuse, deviant science, and reversed stigmatization. SUNY Press.
Bergesen, Albert J (1978): A Durkheimian Theory of “Witch- Hunts” with the Chinese Cultural Revolution of 1966-1969 as an Example. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 19-29.
Brogden, M. (2001). Geronticide: Killing the elderly. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
 Bryan, M. (2020). "Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution: In Theory and Impact" (2020). Honors Theses. 368.
Brzezinski, Z. K. (2013). The permanent purge: Politics in Soviet totalitarianism. Harvard University Press.
Burleigh, M. (2009). Sacred causes: The clash of religion and politics, from the great war to the war on terror. Harper Collins.
Burton, B. (1971). The Cultural Revolution's Ultraleft Conspiracy: The" May 16 Group". Asian Survey11(11), 1029-1053.
Conquest, R. (1987). The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. Oxford University Press, USA.
Deng, F. (2018). Witch-hunting, Cultural Revolution and the bright side of kinship. International Journal of Development Issues.
Dickson, B. (2016). The dictator's dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party's strategy for survival. Oxford University Press.
Fallahi, M. (1993). Foundations of education in Iran and education after the cultural revolution of 1980.
Fitzpatrick, S. (1992). The cultural front: Power and culture in revolutionary Russia. Cornell University Press.
Fitzpatrick, S. (2001). The Russian revolution. Oxford University Press.
Fitzpatrick, S. (2002). Education and social mobility in the Soviet Union 1921-1934 (Vol. 346). Cambridge University Press.
Fog, A. (1999). Cultural selection. Springer Science & Business Media.
Goodin, R. E. (1981). Civil Religion and Political Witch Hunts: Three Explanations. Comparative Politics14(1), 1-15.
Green, Y. (2018). Depiction of Europe in an Iranian History Textbook: Resentment and Discontent.
Griffin, R., Mallett, R., & Tortorice, J. (2008). The Sacred in Twentieth-century Politics. Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne (London and New York 2008).
Ho, C. B. (2011). Re-conceptualizing “legitimacy” for studying electoral politics in rural China. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 16(2), 207-227.
Hornby, A. S., Cowie, A. P., & Lewis, J. W. (2020). Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English. London: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/purge_1
Hsiung, J. C. (2009). From revolutionary regime to normal governance: China's long march toward political reform. Asian Affairs: an American Review, 36(1), 29-46.
Jian, G.; Song, Y.; and Yuan Zhou (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras No. 17), US: The Scarecrow Press.
Karlova, O. A. (2019). National Idea in Russia: Cultural and Historical Genesis and Factors of Actualization.
Keddie, N. R., & Richard, Y. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and results of revolution. Yale University Press.
Kleibl, T., & Munck, R. (2017). Civil society in Mozambique: NGOs, religion, politics and witchcraft. Third World Quarterly38(1), 203-218.
Kuklan, H. (1981). The administrative system in the Islamic Republic of Iran: new trends and directions. International Review of Administrative Sciences47(3), 218-224.
Leese, D. (2011). Mao cult: Rhetoric and ritual in China's Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Levack, B. P. (2006). The witch-hunt in early modern Europe. Routledge.
Lukianoff, G., & Haidt, J. (2018). The coddling of the American mind: How good intentions and bad ideas are setting up a generation for failure. Penguin Books.
Mehran, G. (1989). Socialization of schoolchildren in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian Studies22(1), 35-50.
Miguel, E. (2005). Poverty and witch killing. The Review of Economic Studies72(4), 1153-1172.
Mixon, F. G. (2000). Homo economicus and the Salem witch trials. The Journal of Economic Education31(2), 179-184.
Mojab, S. (1991). The state and university: The''Islamic Cultural Revolution''in the institutions of higher education of Iran, 1980-1987 (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).
Mui, V. L. (1999). Information, civil liberties, and the political economy of witch-hunts. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization15(2), 503-525.
Naimark, N. M. (2011). Stalin's genocides (Vol. 8). Princeton University Press.
Oster, E. (2004). Witchcraft, weather and economic growth in Renaissance Europe. Journal of Economic Perspectives18(1), 215-228.
Rucker, R. E. (1991). Trends in post-revolutionary Iranian education. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 21(4), 455-468.
Saich, T. (2016). State-society relations in the People’s Republic of China post-1949. Brill Research Perspectives in Governance and Public Policy in China, 1(1), 1-57.
Saijo, H. (2019). Political Connections and Purges of State Security Officials Under Stalin.
Schoeneman, T. J. (1975). The witch hunt as a culture change phenomenon. Ethos3(4), 529-554.
Shatz, M. (1984). Stalin, the great purge, and Russian history: a new look at the" new class". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, (305), 48.
Shirk, S. L. (2016). China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed. ANDREW G. WALDER. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2015. xiv+ 440 pp. $49.95;£ 35.00. ISBN 978-0-67405815-6. The China Quarterly227, 835-837.
Skocpol, T., & Somers, M. (1980). The uses of comparative history in macrosocial inquiry. Comparative studies in society and history22(2), 174-197.
Sobhe, K. (1982). Education in revolution: Is Iran duplicating the chinese cultural revolution?. Comparative Education18(3), 271-280.
Sullivan, L. R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Scarecrow Press.
Swanson, G. E. (1964). The birth of the gods: The origin of primitive beliefs (Vol. 93). University of Michigan Press.
Swanson, G. E. (1967). Religion and regime. University of Michigan Press.
Tang, W. (2016). Populist authoritarianism: Chinese political culture and regime sustainability. Oxford University Press.
Teiwes, F. C. (1974). Before and after the Cultural Revolution. The China Quarterly, 58, 332-348.
Turner, B. S. (2011). Religion and modern society: Citizenship, secularisation and the state. Cambridge University Press.
Velikanova, O. (2018). Mass Political Culture Under Stalinism: Popular Discussion of the Soviet Constitution of 1936. Springer.
Walder, A. G. (2015). China under Mao: A revolution derailed. Harvard University Press.
Wallace, A. F. (1956). Revitalization movements. American anthropologist, 264-281.
Wang, S. (1996). Between Destruction and Construction: the first year of the Cultural Revolution. na.
Weber, M. (1951). The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, translated and edited by Hans H. Gerth. Illionis: The Free Press, Glencoe.
Wu, B., & Devine, N. (2018). Self-cultivation and the legitimation of power: Governing China through education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 50(13), 1192-1202.
Wu, S. (2015). Modernizing Confucianism in China: A Repackaging of Institutionalization to Consolidate Party Leadership. Asian Perspective, 39(2), 301-324.
Wu, Y. (2014). The Cultural Revolution at the margins. Harvard University Press.